ACL reconstruction, or Anterior Cruciate Ligament reconstruction, is a surgical procedure performed to repair a torn or damaged anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee. The ACL is a crucial ligament that provides stability to the knee joint. When it is torn, it can lead to instability, pain, and limitations in knee function. Here’s an overview of ACL reconstruction:

    1.    Preoperative Evaluation: Before surgery, the patient undergoes a thorough evaluation, which may include physical examinations, imaging studies (like MRI scans), and discussions with the orthopedic surgeon to assess the extent of the ACL injury and overall knee condition.
    2.    Anesthesia: ACL reconstruction is typically performed under general anesthesia, which renders the patient unconscious during the procedure.
    3.    Incisions: Small incisions are made around the knee to access the joint. These incisions serve as portals for the surgical instruments.
    4.    Graft Harvesting: The surgeon may harvest a graft (tissue) to replace the torn ACL. Common graft sources include the patellar tendon, hamstring tendons, or donor tissue (allograft).
    5.    Tunnel Creation: The surgeon drills small tunnels into the tibia (shinbone) and femur (thighbone) at the locations where the ACL attaches. These tunnels are used to anchor the graft.
    6.    Graft Insertion: The graft is threaded through the tunnels and secured in place with screws, pins, or other fixation devices. This graft acts as a scaffold for new tissue growth, eventually replacing the torn ACL.
    7.    Closure: After securing the graft, the surgeon closes the incisions with sutures or staples and applies sterile dressings.
    8.    Recovery: Post-surgery, the patient is typically monitored in a recovery area until they wake up from anesthesia. They may then begin a structured rehabilitation program, which may involve physical therapy to regain strength, flexibility, and function in the knee. Full recovery can take several months.

ACL reconstruction is a common procedure, especially among athletes, to restore knee stability and function after ACL injuries. The choice of graft type and surgical technique can vary based on individual factors and surgeon preferences. It’s essential to follow postoperative instructions and participate fully in rehabilitation to achieve the best possible outcome and reduce the risk of complications.